Attributes of entrepreneur

Traits of business visionary Essay Certainty positive thlnklng is a significant advance toward progress 5. Positive scholar business visionary are certain masterminds. Riches doesn't generally go to the most shrewd or the most aspiring people. Persistence - when one possesses who his business, there will be times when feels like the top of longing for in. 7. Definitiveness †one ought to go with his instinct and trust that he is making the best choice 8. Experience segment for development †as a key 9. Data looking for †business person should look for data with customer and contenders, look for exhortation. 10. Steadiness †must be happy to continue on during unpleasant occasions 11. Drive †should be completely dedicated 12. Hazard taking †incline toward assignments, which give them a few difficulties 13. Advancement inventive, they get things done in new and various manners 14. Opportunity-chasing †promptly recognizes open doors for going into or to improve his business 15. Interest for effectiveness and quality †business person consistently endeavors to discover approaches to improve, quicker and at a lower cost 16. Methodical arranging and checking †presents some framework in achlevlng his objectives by breaking this objective Into present moment and long haul objectives 11. Influence and systems administration †simple builds up a system or individual and business contacts around them Qualities of business person. (2018, Oct 28).

Use of Information and Communication Technology-Free-Samples

Question: Break down convictions in regards to the utilization of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) in youth instruction and propose FOUR (4) procedures for direct association with innovation. Answer: Perspective The principle perspective in this setting is the discussion for and against the presentation of the ICT in youth. The distinctive perspective originated from the Enthusiasts and Skeptics. The primary contention, which can be expressed in this unique situation, is that important undertaking can be framework towards the devices of the innovation. The fundamental supposition originated from the Enthusiasts depends on kid focused acts of constructivist and the idea of the youth. The youngsters learn more things straightforwardly for the fate of the PC games that they learn in school. The discussion against the act of the ICT would be valuable for the tutoring since it would legitimately fuse an awareness of other's expectations for the understudies which would assist them with framing a superior future (Lecluijze et al., 2015) Then again, it tends to be expressed that the perspective on the Skeptics was that the ICT learning would be truly dangerous for the understudies, which can cause diverse sort of issue for instance Myopia, it very well may be enthusiastic and risky thinking about social action, for example, social disengagement and separation, which would be passionate. Scholarly perils are additionally a state of accentuation in this viewpoint, which can be identified with the without the inventiveness (Samuelsson, 2014). Moral risks can be additionally viewed as a powerless part of the mechanical headway as this could prompt introduction to unfortunate sites, which could make mischief to the attitude of the understudies. In this setting it very well may be expressed that making of innovation has vanished the idea of the youth and it legitimately impacts the eating and the characteristic propensities for the kids. Utilization of ICT The term ICT represents data and correspondence innovation. The schools utilize the idea of the ICT apparatuses for the idea of convey, store and the executives distinctive data. The idea of the ICT can be viewed as indispensable piece of the instructing learning cooperation. The idea had supplanted the customary part of writing slate with the idea of computerized white board, which are intuitive. In the homeroom, the understudies utilize their own cell phone and different gadgets to make a feeling of learning in the study hall. At the point when the instructors are proficient in understanding to the use of the ICT method the understudies can likewise profit by the idea. The fundamental preferred position, which can be accomplished from the idea, is that it would make a higher request of deduction for the understudy so as to communicate their own comprehension and leave the understudy solid and steady so as to manage the advancements, which are continuous. The idea can straightforwar dly change the work environment and the general public. Procedures Procedures 1: Implementation of incorporated learning modules The usage of open source programming can be executed which would be empowering the idea of improvement of learning the executives framework (LMS) and the board content framework. The primary favorable position, which can be accomplished from the idea, is that it would fuse informing which would be moment and the ability to make a discussion. Procedures 2: Creation of Wiki Most of the understudy and the instructors can execute the idea of wiki, which can be utilized for the idea of making a methods for association. The idea of Wiki can be useful such that a gathering of understudies can include distinctive kind of data into it which can be gotten to by the understudies and the instructor anytime of time. Procedures 3: Podcasting The utilization of sound documents can be utilized for the idea of improvement of computerized recording. The idea of podcasting can be utilized for broadcasting sound records utilizing virtual products which are bolstered by RSS channels. Techniques 4: Browsers Enhancement The idea of internet browsers are adding greater usefulness identifying with the client. The primary bit of leeway, which can be, accomplished structure the idea is that it would add esteem straightforwardly to the understudy by methods for getting to the bookmarks and their preferred point over the idea of the web (Chua, 2016) References Cheng, M., Yuen, A. H. (2017). ICT Use at Home of Hong Kong Students: Understanding New Arrival Children from Mainland China. In New Ecology for EducationCommunication X Learning (pp. 173-183). Springer, Singapore. Chua, M., Chua, C. (2016, November). Application qualities control for ICT coordination in youth instruction: an encounter investigation. In Proceedings of the 28th Australian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction (pp. 628-630). ACM. Diogo, A. M., Silva, P., Viana, J. (2018). Youngsters' utilization of ICT, family intervention, and social imbalances. Issues in Educational Research, 28(1), 61-76. Lecluijze, I., Penders, B., Feron, F. J., Horstman, K. (2015). Co-creation of ICT and kids in danger: The presentation of the Child Index in Dutch kid government assistance. Kids and Youth Services Review, 56, 161-168. Nikolopoulou, K., Gialamas, V. (2015). ICT and play in preschool: youth instructors convictions and certainty. Global Journal of Early Years Education, 23(4), 409-425. Samuelsson, U. (2014). Advanced (o) jmlikhet? IKT-anvndning I skolan och elevers tekniska kapital (Doctoral paper, School of Education and Communication).

The Good Girls Revolt A Reading List

The Good Girls Revolt A Reading List When Amazon released the pilot episode of The Good Girls Revolt last year, I crossed my fingers that it would get picked up for a full season. It did, and as soon as it was released, I binge-watched the entire thing. I have no regrets. The acting is stellar, the writing is smart, and the characters are memorable. Based on Lynn Povitch’s book with the same title, The Good Girls Revolt recounts Povitch’s employment at Newsweek (thinly veiled as News of the Week  in the show) in the late 60s and early 70s. What at first appeared to be an exciting job for a young woman soon became a prime example of employment discrimination: women were not allowed to write for the magazine. Povich spearheaded the the first class action lawsuit by women journalistsand it inspired other women in the media to quickly do the same. Below is a GGR inspired reading list, designed to add context to the show, demonstrate how far the feminist movement has come, and how very far we still have to go. Race, Women, and Class by Angela Davis Every political and social movement must be understood in historical context. The women’s liberation movement wasn’t conceived out of thin air in the late 60s, early 70s, and who better to elucidate that context than the great Angela Davis. Race,  Women, and Class was published in 1983â€"-a little over 10 years from when the so-called “Good Girls” filed their lawsuit. It provides understanding not just about how those events came to be but also why we are still embroiled in many of the same conflicts for gender equality so many years later. Crazy Salad and Scribble Scribble: Some Things About Women and Notes on Media by Nora Ephron Ephron, played brilliantly by Grace Gummer, appears in only 6 of the seasons first 10 episodes but the impact she has on the women (and the show) is lasting. For Ephron’s own thoughts on women and the media, look no further than Crazy Salad and Scribble Scribble: Some Things About Women and Notes on the Media.   The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan Many of us are familiar with her description womens unhappiness in the 50s and 60s as “the problem that has no name” but what is perhaps less known is how the book came to be: Friedan initially tried to publish a piece about her findings in a magazineâ€"-only no publication would take it. By 1970, she was well on her way to being one of the most important voices in second-wave feminism but her difficulty finding a magazine that considered her work relevant unintentionally foreshadowed challenges to come. Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center by bell hooks Also, all of bell hooks. Fire in my Soul: Eleanor Holmes Norton and  Joan Steinau Lester The TV depiction of how the so-called “Good Girls” began working with Eleanor Holmes Norton varies slightly from the real story (in the show, she approaches them at a consciousness- raising meeting; in truth, she was the third lawyer they women met with and the only one who would take their case). What is consistent between the two narratives, is the instrumental role Eleanor Holmes Norton  played in the Newsweek (or News of the Week) lawsuit. Fire in My Soul documents the illustrious life of Holmes Norton, from her days at the ACLU to her achievements as a Congresswoman. Sisterhood is Powerful edited Robin Morgan A revised and updated version of the 1970 collection of essays was released in 2003, it’s worth taking a look at the original version. With essays by Eleanor Holmes Norton and Frances M. Beal, as well as the N.O.W. Bill of Rights, it’s easy to see why the American Library Association included the anthology on their list of “The 100 Most Influential Books of the Twentieth Century. The Good Girls Revolt: How the Women of Newsweek Sued their Bosses and Changed the Workplace by Lynn Povich Watch the show first, then check out the story as it really happened. Or vice-versa.   Love Story by Erich Segal The story of Oliver and Jennifer appears several times in Season One of GGR. It’s 1970 and all the ladies are reading it. The iconic novel tells the story of two young college students who fall madly in love with each other, only to be torn apart by tragedy. The book was wildly popularâ€"-a 1971 Gallup poll suggested that one in every five Americans had read it; the women in The Good Girls Revolt are no exception. The novel is as much a part of the fabric of the 70s as the long paisley dresses and shag carpets. Yes, a few main characters are reading and talking about it but it’s part of the background as well: peripheral characters read it while waiting at bars or tuck a copy into their nightstands. Fun fact: Some had speculated that a young Al Gore was the inspiration for the book’s male protagonist but the muse was actually Gore’s college roommate, Tommy Lee Jones. Segal was on sabbatical at Harvard when he met the roommates. (Can someone please write a Love Story between c ollege roommates Al Gore and Tommy Lee Jones?) The Black Panthers: Portrait of an Unfinished Revolution  edited by Brian Shih and Yohuru Williams The Women’s Liberation Movement certainly wasn’t the only civil rights issue taking the stage in the late 60s and early 70s. The Black Panthers were a source of significant controversy as they attempted to highlight the systematic racism facing Black Americans. The Panthers are a peripheral storyline in GGR, one of the reporters at News of the Week attempts to write a story about The Panthers but, having little understanding of the realities of discrimination, kind of misses the point. For a much more nuanced and insightful portrayal of The Black Panthers, check out this book.  

Gender Portrayal Of The American Tv Sitcom Friends

Introduction: This investigation involves the analysis of how gender is portrayed in the American TV sitcom Friends. Friends received acclaim to become record breaking, as one of the most popular television shows of all time. The series was nominated for 62 Primetime Emmy Awards, winning the outstanding Comedy series award in 2002. Many stated that the series appealed to them as it was hilarious and touching. The demographic of this sitcom is young people, including adults who are single, relating their lives to the show. The focus of this investigation is the depiction of characters according to their gender and stereotype in western comedy. Hypothesis: I predict that the characters in Friends will conform to traditional gender†¦show more content†¦Within sitcoms women have the main stereotype of been portrayed as a sex object. I believe that women are often portrayed this way due to society s gender hierarchy. It Is said that women are only portrayed this way as long as its for entertainment purposes only as it is not accepted in reality as some women may take offence. Women are also portrayed as lazy, smart, annoying and attractive. In sitcoms one of the main stereotypes is that men are portrayed to be masculine, this is because males do not want to be seen as weak. This is not only portrayed in sitcoms but in society too. In order to fulfil the means of being masculine, the male is seen to be wealthy and therefore have high status as well as having common forms of anger. Although males want to be seen as having a high status, they show lack of care and emotions as it is not seen as masculine. From 1970 s sitcoms to 199 0 s sitcoms, women s role has changed massively. Women have gone from lacking power to now being in control. I believe this is due to laws such as the sex discrimination act that gave women status and power and made them almost equal to men in society. This then has a knock on effect in comedy as to appeal to a bigger audience social stereotypes should be supported. It is clear that through the ten seasons of this sitcom the programme has progressed within society. We can clearly see this through the way technologyShow MoreRelated Effects of Television on Our Society Essays6952 Words   |  28 Pagesto admit to how much influence TV has on their character and behaviors, the evidence is difficult to refute. First we must all acknowledge that what we, as members of a society, choose to watch on TV affects us, as we are not simply passive receivers of the messages we encounter on our TV screens; television viewing is not simply a spectator sport. We may feel like mindless drones as we sink ever deeper into our couches and let ourselves be entertained by sitcoms, but when we finally pull ourselvesRead MoreGender Roles in Sitcoms1543 Words   |  7 PagesGender roles in Sitcoms â€Å"Gender is the crucial factor in characterization in the majority of sitcoms. Up until the impact of feminism in the 1970s, in the UK at least, it is clear that most of the successful sitcoms featured leading male characters (Hancock, Steptoe, Dad’s Army, Till Death Do Us Part, Porridge etc.). Women were more likely to feature in ‘ensemble casts’ – The Rag Trade, Are You Being Served? This was also a function of the employment opportunities for women. Since the 1970s, womenRead MorePostmodern Social Construct : Gender Role Issues Essay1713 Words   |  7 PagesPostmodern social construct: Gender role issues for men in Television Even though the reappearance of gendered storylines and images in media has helped to shape these cultural standards around what it means to be a man or a woman, Masculinity and femininity are the terms most often used to classify a set of characteristics, values, and significance related to gender. Since Television is the most prevalent form of media, it influences both how we see ourselves and each other in some form or scopeRead MoreRepresentation Of The Hollywood Television Industry1505 Words   |  7 PagesDiversity in the Hollywood Television Industry A recent study done by the UCLA Bunche Center for African American Studies showed the lack of diversity within Hollywood by examining all the films released, television programs on broadcast, cable, or digital networks, as well as the actors, writers, directors, and producers within the industry. Ethnic minorities make up about 40% of the American population but still remain underrepresented in all forms of entertainment. The study also discovered thatRead MoreCultural Analysis Of The Sitcom New Girl 1718 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish 111.02 Essay #2 October 13, 2014 Who’s That Girl? A cultural analysis of the sitcom, New Girl The traditional idea of American friendship has evolved drastically over time. In this age, no longer do you see the close group of friends chatting at the ‘Central Perk Cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ or engaging in many misadventures in the basement of Foreman’s house, such as they did in ‘That 70’s Show’. The aged image of a group of friends and their wise, perceptive teacher, Mr. Feeney, happily standing in the halls ofRead MoreMedia Portrayal Of Women s Roles And Responsibilities Essay2255 Words   |  10 Pagesresponsibilities has emerged. Yet, women and young girls continue trying to emulate the roles and images they see on TV. American culture is saturated with messages in mass media and the effects are not always positive on society. The media portrayal of the â€Å"typical† American women’s roles and responsibilities has transformed the ideology of what a woman should be. A sociological definition of gender is a system of social practices creating and maintaining differences among people and organizing unequal relationsRead More Seinfelds Impact on American Culture Essay2273 Words   |  10 PagesSeinfelds Impact on American Culture Jerry Seinfelds television sitcom, Seinfeld, which went off the air in 1999, is still one of the most culturally pertinent shows today. The show dealt with little nuances of American society. A puffy shirt, for example, could be the main subject for an entire show. This show, which was derived from Jerry Seinfelds observational humor, was voted as the Greatest Show of All Time by TV Guide in 2002. According to the shows official website, theRead MoreHip Hop : A Cultural Movement And Popular Genre Of Music Essay1920 Words   |  8 Pages1960’s a new era of activism, the second wave of feminism, surfaced to reconstruct the fight for gender equality amongst all women. This era came to an end around the early 1980’s, paving the way for the third wave of feminism to take effect. In the early 1990’s, the third wave feminists centralized their goal on eradicating gender role expectations and stereotypes that normalize the division of genders. Nonetheless, the th ird wave of feminism still exists today and has made its mark on hip-hop cultureRead MorePortrayal And Demeanor Of African American Women On Television3281 Words   |  14 Pagesshows in an attempt to draw the conclusion of the portrayal and demeanor of African American women on television. Using current African American dominated shows that attract viewers such as â€Å"Love and Hip Hop†, â€Å"Real House Wives† and â€Å"The Bad Girls Club†, Samuels came to the conclusion that these shows use black women to justify the stereotype of the â€Å"angry black woman†. Although Donald Trump’s show â€Å"Celebrity Apprentice† is not an African American dominated show, Samuels uses it as an introductoryRead MoreDoes Tv Have a Negative Influence on Society7652 Words   |  31 PagesDOES TV HAVE A NEGATÄ °VE Ä °NFLUENCE ON SOCÄ °ETY The negative effects of television are huge. To minimize the potential negative effects of television, its important to understand what the impact of television can be on children. Violence Over the past two decades, hundreds of studies have examined how violent programming on TV affects children and young people. While a direct cause and effect link is difficult to establish, there is a growing consensus that some children may be vulnerable to violent

Leadership Styles Of The Workplace - 1166 Words

Work environments, at some point, are hectic, stressful, constantly changing and multifaceted. Leadership is the ability to influence others in order to attain goals (Lamberton Minor, 2014). Leaders in the workplace must take responsibility to ensure they do the right things. Leaders typically possess characteristics such as enthusiasm, dominance, emotional stability, self-assurance, and conscientiousness. They have a strong sense of ethics and work hard in order to build integrity in their workplace (U.S. Small Business Administration [SBA], n.d.). Although leaders have some of the same characteristics in common, they interact differently with others. It helps to know that leaders use different methods of interacting with those they lead. These styles include autocratic, consultative, participative, and free-reign. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast these leadership styles, discuss which style most resembles my leadership style, and how this style relates to my pr ofession as a nurse. Leadership Styles The first leadership style is autocratic. Autocratic leaders are the ones in charge. This leadership style is one of power and authority. Group situations or settings do not work well, as the autocratic leader feels other opinions do not matter. Others in the workplace do not have a say in what happens and have little or no freedom to agree or disagree (Lamberton Minor, 2014). Autocratic leaders tend to make decisions in a way that dictators do, byShow MoreRelatedLeadership Style Of The Workplace832 Words   |  4 Pagesone unit. She is very knowledgeable about every position that is currently at her hotel, so in case of emergencies she can help out and be effective. I know this leader from a previous work opportunity where she was also a front desk manager. Leadership Style Based on C.O.A.T, I believe her to be a most effective communicator and advising her employees to better themselves with the company. She is an effective communicator because she isn’t afraid to say what needs to be done and she’s also not afraidRead MoreLeadership Styles During The Workplace761 Words   |  4 Pages Different leadership styles result in various results in the workplace. The Fiedler contingency model postulates a leader’s style is static; however, God can transform anyone’s heart and thus their leadership style. Additionally, the grapevine can be an important tool for employers. As long as each individual chooses to use gossip for honorable purposes, God will bless the workplace. 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Leadership is the ability to assess, develop, maintain, and change the organizational culture to meet the needs and the expectations of the external environment. There are many great leaders today that anyone can name off in an instant. We all try to be leaders in some part of our lives whether it be at homeRead MoreLeadership Styles Within The Workplace1511 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizations large and small have different leadership styles within. Some of them are very laidback and others follow company manuals to the â€Å"T†. The purpose of leadership is to create and promote change, and that people involved in leadership are not just the subject of change but also the driving force behind it (DeGrosky, 2012). A leader must understand the goals and objectives of a company and do everything in their power to accomplish t hem. An effective way to accomplish this is leadingRead MoreEffective Leadership Styles Within The Workplace1584 Words   |  7 PagesEffective leadership styles Abstract An effective leader influences their employees in a desired manner to achieve goals and objectives. Different leadership styles can affect an organization’s effectiveness and performance. The objective of this paper is to analyze the review of literature on various leadership styles over the past years and how effective and ineffective different leadership styles are in the workplace. Introduction A leader is defined as a person with responsibility to influenceRead Moresat 2 Essay1660 Words   |  7 Pages My Leadership Style Analysis WGU Leadership SAT2 Task 1 My Leadership Style Analysis A1. Leadership Style Evaluation There are many different leadership styles. After reading the assigned chapters for this task. I was able to identify my own leadership style as a result. In order to know my leadership style, I took a series of assessments in order to determine my personal leadership style. Assessments I took that helped me to determine my personal leadership style are: â€Å"theRead MoreEssay about Understanding Leadership1102 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding leadership Learner name: Learner registration number: Note: The ‘lines/box’ below a question is for guidance purposes only. Marks are not deducted for writing more. It is perfectly acceptable for all answers to be continued on additional forms provided they are attached to the assignment when making a submission. The availability of the form electronically allows learners to expand the ‘lines/box’ as required. | UNDERSTAND LEADERSHIP STYLES 1.1 Describe the factors thatRead MoreLeadership Qualities : The Best Laid Business Plan886 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership Qualities: The best laid business plan is doomed to fail if the HRM that is charged with implementing it lacks the leadership skills necessary to earn the trust, respect, and ultimately the support for the plan among the operating managers and employees. Establishing a solid leadership concept is detrimental to any organization; if they wish to succeed. Human Resource Managers ability to lead effectively can be based on a number of essential skills. One sought after leadership skill thatRead MoreWorkplace Bullying And Effective And Ineffective Management Strategies1683 Words   |  7 Pagesworkers have reported that they have been affected by workplace bullying, whether they were the target or the witness (2). The nursing profession is no exception to this startling statistic. Both the American Nurses Association (ANA) and The Joint Commission (TJC) have add ressed the need for a positive work environment that is â€Å"free of abusive behavior, such as bullying, hostility, abuse of authority, and reprisal for identifying abuse in the workplace† (8). Bullying in nursing is thought to begin during

Founding Theorists of Management Free Essays

Identify the founding theorists of management and then discuss the major schools of thought under which their theories can be classified. The founding theorists of management are Frederick Taylor, Max Weber, Henri Fayol and Mary Parker Follett. Taylor’s theory is classified under Scientific Management, and he was known as â€Å"the father of scientific management†. We will write a custom essay sample on Founding Theorists of Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Scientific management can be defined as the scientific determination of changes in management practices as a means improving labour productivity. Taylor’s theory focuses on efficiency in the organization, improving the productivity of manual workers, and it demonstrates how providing workers with an incentive to perform can increase productivity. Taylor’s theory suggested four principles of scientific management. The first principle involves developing a science for each element of an individual’s work to replace the old rule of thumb methods. The second principle involves scientifically selecting, training and developing workers. Related article: Examples of Scientific Management in Healthcare The third principle involves developing cooperation between workers and management to ensure that work is done in accordance with the scientifically devised procedures. The fourth and final principle of scientific management involves the equal division of work and responsibility among workers. While scientific management was praised for improving productivity, it was also criticized, because it ignored the individual differences among workers, and could not see that the most efficient way of working for one person may differ from that of another person. The application of scientific management is seen in today’s organizations when the best qualified applicants are hired for a job. Max Weber developed a theory of authority structures theory is classified under Bureaucratic Management, and it may be described as a formal system of organization based on clearly defined hierarchal levels and roles in order to maintain efficiency and effectiveness. Weber believed that organizations should be managed on an impersonal, rational basis, and that this type of organization would be more efficient and adaptable to change because stability is related to formal structure and positions rather than to a articular person who may leave or die. Weber identified six elements of bureaucratic management. This first element involves the division of labour with clear definitions of authority and responsibility. The second element involves the organization of positions in a hierarchy of authority, where each position is under the authority of a highe r one, and subordinates follow the orders of their superiors. The third element involves the selection and promotion of personnel based on technical qualifications, or training and experience. The fourth element involves administrative acts and decisions which are governed by rules, and are recorded in permanent files to provide the organization with memory and continuity over time. The fifth element states that means of production or administration belong to the office, and that personal property is separate from office property. The sixth and final element of bureaucratic management states that rules are impersonal and applied to all employees. It also states that managers are subject to rules and procedures that will ensure predictable and reliable behavior. Bureaucratic procedures provide a standard way of dealing with employees. Everyone receives equal treatment and knows what the rules are, and this has enabled many organizations to be very efficient. The application of bureaucratic management is seen in today’s organizations with the Employee Code of Conduct. Henri Fayol’s theory can be classified under General Administrative Theory, and focuses on the one best way to run the organization. The general administrative theory focuses on how the entire organization should be organized, and the practices an effective manager should follow. Fayol proposed a universal set of management functions, which are planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling. Planning, involves anticipating the future and acting on it. Organizing requires developing the institution’s material and human resources. Commanding requires keeping the organization’s actions and processes running. Coordinating involves aligning and harmonizing the efforts of organizational members. The final management function controlling, involves performing the first four functions according o the appropriate rules and procedures of the organization. Fayol developed theories of what he believed constituted good management practices, known as the fourteen principles of management. The fourteen principles are; specialization of labour, authority, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination of individual interests, remuneration, centralization, scalar chain, order, equity, stability of staff, initiative, and spirit de corps, which means harmony and cohesion among personnel. Specialization of labour is where managerial and technical work is amenable to specialization to produce more and better work with the same amount of effort. Authority refers to the right of superiors to give orders and to expect them to be followed. Discipline is where the members in any organization must respect the rules and agreements governing the organization. Unity of command is where each subordinate receives orders from one superior only. Unity of direction means similar activities in the organization should be grouped together under one manager. Subordination of individual interests means, the concerns of the organization should take precedence over the concerns of the individual. Remuneration refers to compensation for work done, and it should be fair to both the employee and the employer. Centralization refers to the degree to which decision making is concentrated at the top levels of the organization. Scalar chain refers to the chain of authority which extends from the top to the bottom levels of the organization. Order implies that all material and human resources within the organization have a prescribed place to be. Material resources must remain in the right place at the right time, and people should be in the jobs or positions they are suited to. Equity implies that everyone within the organization should be treated equally. Stability of staff implies that there should be a low employee turnover rate in order to facilitate the efficient functioning of the organization. Initiative means that subordinates should be given freedom to share their ideas and carry out their plans. Esprit de corps means creating team spirit through the use of verbal communication, to promote harmony and cohesion among personnel. Fayol also stressed the role of administrative management and stated that all activities that occur in business organizations could be divided into six main groups, which are, technical, commercial, financial, security, accounting and managerial. For example, production and manufacturing activities can be grouped under technical; buying, selling and exchange activities can be grouped under commercial; activities obtaining and using capital can be grouped under finance; protection of property and persons can be grouped under security; balance sheet, stocktaking, statistics and costing activities can be grouped under accounting and; planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling activities can be grouped under managerial. Fayol then concluded that the six groups of activities are interdependent and that it is the role of management to ensure that all six activities work smoothly to achieve the goals of an organization. Mary Parker Follett was a major contributor to the administrative approach to management. However, she was also an advocate of a more humanistic perspective to management, which highlighted the importance of understanding human behaviors, needs and attitudes in the workplace, as well as social interactions and group processes. She emphasized worker participation and the importance of goals that cannot be reached by a single party for reducing conflicts in organizations. Follett explained that managerial dominance and compromising only produced temporary adjustments. She proposed a process in which parties involved in conflict would interact despite the existing facts, and allow a new solution to come into view that none of the conflicting parties had considered. She called this approach to resolving conflict an integrating process. Mary Parker Follett’s approach to leadership stressed the importance of people, rather than engineering techniques, and she addressed issues such as ethics, power, and how to lead in a way that encourages employees to give their best, as well as the concepts of delegation of power and authority to employees, rather than controlling them. Although Frederick Taylor, Max Weber, Henri Fayol and Mary Parker Follett are not the only theorists to make contributions to the schools of thought of management, they have all made significant contributions to management, many of which have been implemented and even modified, in today’s organizations. How to cite Founding Theorists of Management, Essay examples

Top Down Leadership vs Bottom Up Leadership free essay sample

Top down Leadership versus Bottom up Leadership Top down leadership has in many ways been the cultural gnome in terms of leadership styles for probably the longest time in history Likert termed it Exploitive authoritative. â€Å"In this style, the leader has a low concern for people and uses such methods as threats and other fear-based methods to achieve conformance. Communication is almost entirely downwards and the psychologically distant concerns of people are ignored. (Likert, 1969) Top down leadership has had a deep impact and so much intertwined with human culture that it is deemed to be simply the natural form of leadership. There are many other forms of leadership styles being nurtured so as to adapt with cultural changes and views on leadership roles, not to say they are any lesser but top down and bottom up were at both extremes of the leadership spectrum hence choosing to focus on the two. We will write a custom essay sample on Top Down Leadership vs Bottom Up Leadership or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page will writing service groupon The structure of most organizations is based on an autocratic hierarchy that is based on the notion that the ‘workers’ need to be very closely supervised by those in ‘management’. In the distant past there may have been some truth to this assertion, however, in today’s world it is becoming increasingly spurious. Yet after a whole heap of culture change initiatives carried out in many organizations very little positive change has occurred. The reason is clear to see as the hierarchy is naturally committed to retaining the status quo between the roles of those called ‘bosses’ from those labeled the ‘workers’. (para11, Jaap, June 2011) Bottom-up leadership however â€Å"occurs when employees become innovative and questioning, making suggestions and pushing boundaries. â€Å"Thought leadership† is similar, although it is more about championing new ideas than managing people or helping a group achieve a goal. However, in b oth cases, the leadership can be directed upward, and it ends once senior managers accept the proposed ideas. † (Ki-Young Mi-Jin 2008 summer p. 9) The concept of bottom up leadership requires a person to think outside of the box because it challenges mainstream beliefs and ideologies as regards to leadership roles. There is an oriental saying that states â€Å"cup would have to be poured out to allow room for more a filled†. Which implies putting aside of one’s wisdom so as to learn new material. Jaap characterization of a bottom up leader is that â€Å"An effective leader is considered to be someone who has the ability to share a compelling vision of a desirable outcome, create the environment in which a group of ndividuals work as a collaborative team focused on turning the vision into a reality. † (Par5 Jaap 2008) For most people the bottom up concept is relatively not applied as it really should due to the fact that people who are in leadership roles tend to have insecurities if more flexibility were to be offered to employees. The leaders deem that people would in actuality develop some form of negligence to those that are in position of authority. Take for instance the anti government protests that developed all across the Middle East, these protests are as a result of people who are frustrated by the top down leadership style being carried out by their leaders. Leadership as it was in these Arab nations was flowing only on a downstream when it came to the issue of communication, for the people’s concerns were being met by brutal force which included jail term and death in some cases to any person that seemed to offer an alternative to the top down leadership that was in place. The western world has a strong belief for equal rights for all and most importantly the right for all to live a fulfilled life and it is quite apparent as the Arabs began questioning for these same rights their leaders who had their heads buried under the sand were under the assumption that their usual scare tactics would quench the flames of revolution. However, these were not the usual times in Arab nations, the revolutionary flames burn on rampantly towards the leaders who have in all actuality failed to lead their nations due to the fact that they led as though they had eternity to rule, which was the greatest mistake to have done. They failed to observe the change in tide as the world around them continued to evolve, more and more people getting connected via internet. Social media had set up stage for people to voice their concerns as to what directions their leaders were getting them to travel, their lack of empathy and lost track of reality only looking for more ways and means to enlarge their bank accounts, assets and investments at the cost of people. Had the approach been taken on a bottom up approach the outcome would definitely have been different due to the fact they would have had empathy and understanding for a bottom up leader is as follows. The leader is part of the team and accepts that on occasions other members of the team may in fact take on the leadership role because they have the necessary capabilities to deal with particular situations more so than the nominated leader. The working environment is based on trust and respect for each other and the language is about our â€Å"leader, colleagues, team, accountability, achievement, success, and celebration† rather than â€Å"boss, staff, levels, roles, responsibility, remuneration, and appraisal†. There is a constant sharing of information between the team members and sincere dialogue about issues that may be contentious because colleagues have different perspectives and expectations. By transparently dialoguing these and all other issues the best solution is more likely to emerge because the team is able to make the tough call when necessary. They tend to avoid meetings and discussions based on consensus as they know from experience that this process tend to produce a solution driven by the lowest common denominator and frequently not what is needed by the organization. Par7 Jaap 2008) Not wanting to seem all too pessimistic towards top down leadership, there are certain areas such as the military organizations or police force where top down leadership is and strongly believe will continue to be employed in such areas to the unforeseeable future because the whole system is heavily based upon order. The military organizations in America are applaud able and should be exemplary for the rest of the world military to emulate, not to be deemed as a war fanatics’ but rather as an organization that understands what entails protecting its citizens. Leadership however is what directs them to war, peace, rescue missions etc for that is typical for those who are disciplined to follow top down leadership. â€Å"The whole system tends to absorb its people in focusing on rules and procedures designed to keep everyone in their appropriate place doing exactly what each tribe dictates its members should be doing. Most organizational language is about reinforcing the master/servant or parent/child relationship that appears to be an essential part of the military type of hierarchy â€Å"(par4 Jaap May 2008). Keeping this in mind we also have to understand that the discipline they have did not just appear out of nowhere, they had to undergo rigorous training in order to be transformed into a command structured person. Rivers stated in his research There is little question that one of the chief causes of the great prevalence of nervous disorders in the war is that vast numbers of men have been called upon to endure hardships and dangers of unprecedented severity with a quite insufficient training. There is equally little doubt that the special nature of the duties involved in trench warfare has taken a large part in determining the great frequency of neurosis. (Rivers 1920) An argument that a critic would say is that Rivers wrote the book almost a century back, technological advancements have been made in leaps and bounds to outweigh nervous disorders and the two to three month training period is very much sufficient. In the article The emotional effects of war T, Stan states â€Å"Some veterans of past wars have recovered from their traumatic experience with the right care, but what we need to ask ourselves is how we can protect them from mental trauma before they are even sent to fight, as opposed to treating their symptoms once the deep psychological damage has already been done. â€Å" (Stan. ) Unfortunately the fact of the matter remains to date that there are soldiers that suffer psychologically as a result of doing what their work requires, which is top down leadership at its raw definition. These military examples indicate that as much as human beings have made top down form of leadership a reality it can be extremely costly because war is not quite human nature otherwise there would not be reports of psychological issues as a result of following orders to the bitter end â€Å"The emotional effects of war on soldiers very often hinders their future achievements too as they find it impossible to imagine or plan. † (Stan. By majorly focusing on the psychological effects of extreme top down leadership one can deduce that as a result of exposing human natural emotions through such experiences has daunting and drastic effect that the individual would have to bear on a personal basis that even further affect the social aspect of life and family life. It takes training the human qualities to this image of a soldier to serve further implying how top down leadership does not quite just come naturally but is instilled on a person. The approach towards bottom up leadership simply put emphasis on doing what human beings do best which are being social creatures that we are. Human beings generally have more tendencies to show concern for just about anyone in distress disregarding all other factors such as race, nationality, etc. bottom up leadership works to build on the basis of establishing social relationship as its core foundations because people are really the most important asset any institution or organization could possibly have. Focusing on who people are as human beings develop empathy on the part of a leader and people tend to give more effort when they feel people actually do care and understand where they are coming from. â€Å"The emotional intelligent professional is a master of building relationships, which provide the foundation for developing the influence required to make things happen. To become a master yourself you must develop your emotional intelligence and learn. (Wall, 2008, p37) In life it has become apparent that common sense in most cases is not quite common for human beings have invested great time and effort towards scientific research as to how better efficient leadership could be achieved and the human factor was just but an element on the production line where efficiency of workers has and always been based on individual output with little or no attention to the needs of the laborer. For an organization to be firmly established to withstand the tides of change, greater emphasis should be made in the areas of relationship development as being the major component in the structural base. â€Å"As we facilitate organizational change efforts for client companies, we find it helpful to use a few nautical metaphors to remind them that they can’t control the winds or seas of change but they can adjust their sails† (Sipe Frick 2009, p142). With the development of social media a much broader avenue has been made when it comes to unifying people bent on same beliefs and course of actions. The Middle East crisis is the emancipation of a top down form of governance at its wits end where fear tactics no longer played the factor, for people were united in common bond for social change as they deemed injustice was being played against their God given rights to freedom. The protesters dropped all they were doing, businesses, government; financial institutions and so on were all brought to a halt because the nation’s work force saw that it could no longer be business as usual when their leaders have no real concern for their needs. Now you may ask â€Å"what has this to do with culture change in organizations†. My response would be to say â€Å"quite a lot† as the reasons the various regimes fight to retain the status quo is a mirror image of what goes on in organizations. They may not use armed weapons but they do tend to make significant use of traditional, psychological and physical methods to quell any imminent revolt by employees. Jaap, T (par2 June 2011). Creativity is an essential part of the human nature that fosters new ideals, inventions and venture to greater heights by virtue of imagining beyond the sum of one’s present circumstances. In order to facilitate these qualities individuals have to have a form of freedom that makes it conducive for free flow of knowledge and ideas based on the fact that they no longer see the work they are doing as work but develop a sense of ownership and passion in the roles they have to perform in the organization. Most organizational leaders would highly appreciate workers that bring enthusiastic views and effort to work for it energizes the whole team. Not only would that develop a healthy working atmosphere but the productivity also will definitely be increased exponentially because everyone would understand that they are valued and all their inputs play a vital role in the operational process. Many leaders are more than likely going to argue that bottom up leadership could only cause chaos in the work place rather than productivity as a result of everyone having self expression as to how they look at life in the organization. The leaders in most cases forget an important concept that they themselves are called to serve. Rather than leading in a group top down leaders would rather lead ahead of the group which implies egotistic approach on the whole leadership process for the individual leader seeks to gain attention as being the alpha dog of the group. Bottom up leadership however is focused on developing team spirit in the organization where people unite to tackle the task at hand with clear objectives of getting the job done right and credit is made to the team as a whole. Not only is bottom up leadership a healthy form of leadership style it will in most cases increase employee retention hence ensuring that the organization has committed people on the team which does go a long way in comparison of trying to build passion in people who are disgruntled by leaders that only understand my way or the highway form of mindset The importance of team development could not be understated, they are what hold organizations together, by professionalizing conflicts in actuality if done well fosters healthy working relationships. Conflicts should not be taken personally and working roles need to be well defined so that those involved have good understanding of their responsibilities as pertaining to the task at hand. As being part of the team one has to be actively involved in the decision making process by adding input so as to take the participatory approach. While in a team it is also good to remember that when there happens to be problems in the organization it is very likely that 85% percent is as a result of system failure and 15% people A main force behind my thinking is the conviction that a management style from the bottom up, instead of top down is more effective. Main reason for this is that by being stimulating and facilitating people are better equipped to perform their tasks: higher motivation, less stressed and more able to absorb complexity†¦. I am convinced that if this style of management is in your brain, you have a more tolerating, productive and positive mind set, and one that is based upon trust instead of fear. I am convinced that educating around the globe about this style (instead of the old top-down directive leadership style) will have an amazing impact on more than just how businesses are run. It is about a better human-human interaction. (Par7 De Baar 2008) References Likert, R. (1967). The human organization: Its management and value, New York: McGraw-Hill Jaap, T (June 2011). Culture change by evolution or revolution. Retrieved from http://bottomupleadership. com/ Jaap, T (May 8 2008) . Why is leadership failing? Retrieved from http://bottomupleadership. com/why-is-leadership-failing/ N, Ki-Young J, Mi-Jin (2008 summer). Bottom- Up Design Leadership as a Strategic Tool. Retrieved from http://www. dmi. org/dmi/html/publications/journal/pdf/08193NAM59. pdf W, H, R, Rivers (1920). Instinct and the Unconscious. Retrieved from http://en. wikisource. org/wiki/Instinct_and_the_Unconscious/War-Neurosis_and_Military_Training Jaap, T (may 3 2008) Being a Bottom up Leader. Retrieved from http://bottomupleadership. com/being-a-bottomup-leader/ T, Stan. The emotional effects of war on soldiers. Retrieved from http://www. healthguidance. org/entry/11261/1/The-Emotional-Effects-of-War-on-Soldiers. html B, Wall (2008). Working Relationships, Mountain view, CA: Davies Black Publishing 37. J, Sipe D, Frick (2009) Seven Pillars of Servant Leadership. NY/ Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press 142. De Baar, B (2008). Bottoms Up: Leadership style for a better world. Retrieved from http://www. basdebaar. com/bottoms-up-leadership-style-for-a-better-world-168. html

Billy Elliot Essay Example

Billy Elliot Essay Example Billy Elliot Essay Billy Elliot Essay Billy Elliot speech Hello I am here to talk about the film billy Elliot which was based on my life. In this movie it shows there is a variety of pathways and elements, which enables individuals to transition into a New World. ‘Into the World’ is about people choosing the next pathway into their life by their own determination, experiences and support. Which enables them to go beyond their original location and narrow view of the world? ‘Billy Elliot’ relates to ‘Into the World’ as the film is about new possibilities opening up, determination, family support and individual growth. The other relative text that I will be talking about shows a different kind of transition into the world is the article â€Å"young sailor prepares to set sail† these two different texts show two different approaches to the same theme. Throughout this film I face many challenges. My character billy is put through many tough ordeals, such as when I have no support from my family or community in trying to fulfil my dream in becoming a ballet dancer. hen the view of a boy becoming a man is to work in the mining industry to play rugby and doing boxing I was never interested in those things and never good at them the director shows that im different in the scene where i am sparring in the ring and have no fighting stance or desire to fight. The quote† Jesus Christ, Billy Elliot! Youre a disgrace to them gloves, your father, and the traditions of this boxing hall! † shows how billy is not living up to society’s expectations of what a young boy should be interested in and doing. In this boxing lesson I discovered my talent and passion for ballet. The director shows this in the scene in the boxing lesson there is contrast shown by the camera panning past many pairs of ballet slippers. Before stopping at billy’s feet with him wearing hit boxing shoes, This shot reinforces that billy is different and not living up to his father’s expectations which we see as the first step in billy moving into a new world. Throughout this film there are many obstacles I have to overcome to move into a new world such as the approval I seek from my father brother and community. To have their support and understanding of my dreams this is something that at first is not accepted firstly from my brother tony who hates the idea and it is shown from the quote â€Å"dance you little twat! † in the scene where tony finds out about the ballet and his lack of understanding turns to anger and he lashes out at billy and mrs Wilkinson

How Checks and Balances Work in the US Government

How Checks and Balances Work in the US Government SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’ve tuned into the news lately, you’ve seen the checks and balances system of government at work. Whether it’s courts striking down executive orders or governors vetoing legislation, checks and balances are constantly working to keep the United States government functioning. But what are checks and balances, exactly? And how do they help make democracy work? Although it’s important for everyone to understand the checks and balances system, it’s especially critical for you to understand if you’re taking a government course. Additionally, since a system of checks and balances plays an essential role in the U.S. federal government, the concept will also be a heavy contender for an AP exam free response question. That’s a lot to cover, huh? Not to worry, though! By the end of this guide, you’ll have all the information you need to Answer the question, â€Å"What are checks and balances?† Write your own checks and balances definition Identify pros and cons of a checks and balances government Explain various checks and balances examples Analyze real-life examples of checks and balances Let’s get going! What Are Checks and Balances? Definition and History A system of checks and balances places limitations and controls on the power and responsibility of each branch of government. You probably already know that the United States government isn’t the only government in the world that depends on a system of checks and balances to function properly, but for our purposes, we’re going to focus on how the system of checks and balances functions in the United States’ form of government. To really understand why checks and balances are such a big deal in the United States government, we need to start with the following: Where the idea of checks and balances comes from How checks and balances fit into the United States’ form of government Understanding the history and background of our checks and balances government will lay the foundation for a checks and balances definition that you can use on the AP exam. Where the Idea of Checks and Balances Comes From Two key influences shaped the Founders’ decision to build a system of checks and balances into the United States Constitution: The Founders’ experiences with the government of Great Britain The writings of the eighteenth century French political philosopher, Baron de Montesquieu The overbearing behavior of the English monarchy inspired the thirteen colonies to declare independence and influenced the Founders to form a government system that was built on the ideas of liberty and freedom. They wanted to form a government in the United States that guarded against the kind of overreach they’d witnessed in the English government. That’s where the writings of Baron de Montesquieu came in. Montesquieu originated the political doctrine of separation of powers within a government. (Spoiler alert: checks and balances are the result of this idea!) In his The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu argued for a constitutional government comprised of three separate branches. And these separate branches, Montesquieu argued, should have specific abilities to check the powers of the other branches. In other words, Montesquieu imagined a balanced government where no one branch was more powerful than the other. Montesquieu’s philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the U.S. Constitution and the Founders’ establishment of the three branches: the executive branch, the legislative branch, and the judicial branch. The Founding Fathers believed that implementing a system like this in the United States would help keep government power in check and allow citizens to have more freedom. A Constitutional Democracy: The Vehicle for a System of Checks and Balances The Founders’ vision for a government that separated powers took the form of a constitutional democracy. A constitutional democracy is a political system in which the federal government gets its authority to govern from the people. (Actually, you can learn tons more about it means to be a democracy in this article!) But in general, constitutional democracies like the United States are designed to do two things. First, their primary job is to protect the fundamental rights of every citizen, regardless of economic status, race, or class. Second, constitutional democracies limit the amount of government power through a series of limits established by the United States Constitution, which are more commonly referred to as â€Å"checks and balances.† These checks and balances include things like: Separation and sharing of powers among the different branches of government Giving adequate power to different branches to check the powers of other branches Protection of individual rights by due process of law. Elections at frequent intervals that enable changes in leadership and transfer of governmental authority. So what’s important for you to remember about this description of a constitutional democracy? The big takeaway is that the system of checks and balances was written into the U.S. Constitution because the Founders knew it would be essential to the proper functioning of the United States’ form of government. But implementing a system of checks and balances doesn’t end with writing it into the Constitutionthat’s just the beginning. The Constitution holds the three branches of the U.S. federal government responsible for adhering to the system of checks and balances. To add to your working checks and balances definition, we’ll explain the three branches of the federal government and how they work within the system of checks and balances next. The 3 Branches of the United States Federal Government Checks and balances can work in many different ways and hold varying levels of importance in a government that employs such a system. In the U.S. Constitution, the three branches of the federal government were designed to operate separately and independently, but to be equal. In other words, no single branch should have more power than either of the others. Here’s how the system of checks and balances works in practice in the United States: one branch is given the power to take a given action, and another branch (or branches) is given the responsibility to confirm the legality and appropriateness of that action. That’s just a fancy way of saying that every time one branch makes a decision, it’s the responsibility of the other branches to evaluate it. The system of checks and balances facilitates a reciprocal relationship between the different branches of the U.S. federal government. The three branches need each other- under the Constitution, the federal government couldn’t fulfill its duties to the people without the proper function of each individual branch. To understand how the three individual branches work independently and together in a system of checks and balances, let’s define and examine each branch next. The U.S. Capitolbuilding The Legislative Branch The legislative branch of the federal government is established by Article One of the Constitution and is known as the United States Congress. Congress is in charge of creating laws and is made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The legislative branch is big: there are 100 members of the Senate, called Senators, and 435 members of the House of Representatives, called U.S. Representatives or Congresspersons. As the biggest branch of the federal government, Congress has a lot of responsibilities, which include: Passing bills Broad taxing and spending power Regulating interstate commerce Controlling the federal budget Borrowing money on the credit of the United States Sole power to declare war and to support and regulate the military Overseeing and making rules for the government and its officers to follow Defining the jurisdiction of the federal judiciary by law in cases not specified by the Constitution Ratifying treaties Sole power of impeachment and trial of impeachments You might be gathering from the list of responsibilities above that the legislative branch’s overarching responsibility is creating, providing for, and controlling: they draft laws, pass bills, make rules, declare things, and make sure that the other branches are following the rules. In other words, they legislate. The U.S. White House The Executive Branch, Defined The executive branch of the federal government is established by Article Two of the Constitution and is made up of the president, the vice president, the Cabinet, executive departments, independent agencies, and other boards, commissions, and committees. When we hear the word â€Å"executive,† a powerful individual in a well-tailored suit might pop into our minds. Just because the President of the United States is the head of the executive branch doesn’t mean they’re a lone wolf, though. All of the other members of the executive branch support and advise the president, and actually do a lot of the work in the executive branch. The Cabinet is comprised of the vice president and the heads of the fifteen executive departments. These department heads have titles like â€Å"secretary,† â€Å"director,† or â€Å"administrator,† and they’re in charge of everything from the Department of Homeland Security, to the Department of Transportation, to the Department of Education. For example, the Secretary of State and the Secretary of the Treasury are both heads of their respective departments and members of the president’s Cabinet. The Secretary of State advises the president on foreign affairs, and the Secretary of the Treasury advises the president on economic affairs. The Cabinet may also be asked to advise the president on responsibilities or decisions that pertain to executive checks on the other two branches, or the executive branch’s response to checks initiated by the other two branches on the executive branch. This is one key way that the president receives both support and accountability in carrying out the duties of the executive branch. Now that you know who makes up the executive branch, let’s look at the executive branch’s key responsibilities: The President is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces Executes the instructions of Congress May veto bills passed by Congress Executes the spending authorized by Congress Declares states of emergency, publishes regulations and executive orders Makes executive agreements and signs treaties Makes appointments to the federal judiciary, federal executive departments, and other posts Can grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. You’re probably gathering from this list that the executive branch’s main role is to implement and enforce federal laws. It’s called the â€Å"executive† branch for a reason, right? The executive branch executes: it makes sure that the right stuff gets done. It puts plans into action and carries out different laws and orders. The U.S. Supreme Court building The Judicial Branch, Defined The judicial branch is established by Article Three of the Constitution, and it’s the judicial branch’s job to evaluate, interpret, and apply laws. The judicial branch is made up of three different courts: the Supreme Court, the Appellate Courts, and the District Courts. Let’s look at what each of the three courts within the judicial branch can do. The Supreme Court The Supreme Court is the highest federal court in the United States and is the head of the judicial branch. It’s made up of one Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices. Appointments to the Supreme Court are made for life, so when the President nominates justices and the Senate approves them, it’s a really big deal. The Appellate Courts The Appellate Courtsalso called courts of appealsare the intermediate courts of the U.S. federal court system. There are thirteen of them, and they serve as a sort of go-between for the Supreme Court and the more numerous District Courts. The Appellate Courts hear appeals from the District Courts and, when appropriate, appeals court decisions to the Supreme Court. The District Courts The District Courts are the final component of the judicial branch. The District Courts are where federal trials happen, which is a big responsibility, as there are 94 juridical districts in the United States. Their jurisdiction covers both civil and criminal federal cases. The Judicial Branch’s Responsibilities Now that you know about the different courts that make up the judicial branch, here are the primary responsibilities of the judicial branch: Determining which laws Congress intended to apply to any given case Determining how Congress meant the law to apply to disputes Determining how a law acts to determine the disposition of prisoners Determining how a law acts to compel testimony and the production of evidence Determining how laws should be interpreted to assure uniform policies through the appeals process Reviewing the constitutionality of laws through judicial review You can probably tell from the language used in the list of responsibilities above that the Judicial branch’s primary responsibility is dealing with interpretation: the Judicial branch interprets laws, policies, cases, testimony and evidence through the Constitution. The system of checks and balances works like gears in a machine. It takes the work of all three branches of government in unison to keep the country running. How Does the Checks and Balances System Work in the United States? Now you know about the three branches of government: who the key players are, what they do, and why they do it. Examining the checks and balances that are assigned to each individual branch is the next step to getting you better acquainted with how each branch works. When we described the responsibilities of each branch in the previous sections, we were simultaneously describing how they check the other branches of the federal government. But we think it might be easier to envision how those responsibilities function explicitly as checks and balances if we place them side by side in a table. If you’re a visual learner, this is for you! Looking at all of the checks and balances in one place can also help you think critically about the reciprocal relationship between the different branches and the specific ways that they work together on different topics, issues, and areas of the federal government. To give you a better idea of how the branches work together to check each other, we’ve laid out the different checks and balances in a table below. Each row explains how the branches of government check and balance each other around a specific topic. Let’stake a look: Checks and Balances of the 3 Branches of Government Legislative Branch Powers Executive Branch Powers Judicial Branch Powers Creating Laws Writes and enacts laws May override presidential vetoes by a two-thirds majority in each house May veto laws Determines whether a law is unconstitutional Determines how laws should be interpreted to assure uniform policies in a top-down fashion via the appeals process Foreign Treaties Must approve foreign treaties Can make foreign treaties Determines the legal meaning of treaties Implementing and Interpreting Laws Can limit the power to review the constitutionality of laws May propose amendments to overturn judicial decisions Can set the jurisdiction of the judiciary May veto laws Can petition Congress to approve laws Determines whether a law is unconstitutional Determines which laws Congress intended to apply to any given case Determines how a law acts to determine the disposition of prisoners Determines how a law acts to compel testimony and the production of evidence Official Role Appointments Confirms presidential appointments of federal judges, executive department heads, ambassadors, and many other officers Has impeachment powers over federal officers Appoints federal judges, executive department heads, ambassadors, and various other officers Polices its own members Supreme Court justices and federal judges have lifetime appointments War Has sole power to declare war, and makes the rules for the military Wages war at the direction of Congress Appointing Judges and Justices Creates federal courts except for the Supreme Court Sets the number of justices on the Supreme Court Nominates Supreme Court justices Appoints federal justices Creates conduct rules for judges Can remove judges from their positions in rare instances Executive Branch Actions May investigate actions of the executive branch Rules on whether specific actions of the executive branch are legal and/or Constitutional Whew! That’s a lot of checks and balances and political jargon. Let’s make sense of all this info by identifying some pros and cons of how the powers and responsibilities are distributed in the U.S.’s version of the system of checks and balances. 5 Pros and Cons of a Checks and Balances System Now you have a visual for how checks and balances are assigned and distributed among the three different branches of the U.S. federal government. But what does this all mean? First, it’s important to recognize that the different branches of the federal government aren’t in some kind of antagonistic relationship because of the system of checks and balances. They don’t act like rival sports teams (usually)! Instead, the powers and responsibilities assigned to each branch were intricately coordinated by the writers of the Constitution so the government would operate collectively in the best interest of the people. But it’s a fact of political life that no government system is perfect in practice. On the AP exam, you might be asked to explain or analyze an instance in which the system of checks and balances didn’t do its job, or perhaps to analyze a situation when the system of checks and balances worked to the advantage of U.S. citizens. In order to do this, you’ll need to understand some of the pros and cons of the U.S.’s checks and balances system so you can give a stellar checks and balances definition and analyze and explain checks and balances examples on your own. Check out our list of 5 pros and cons of checks and balances below to help grow your understanding of how the system can work in action. Pro: They Keep a Single Group From Grabbing too Much Power We’re bringing this one up again because it’s the main concept behind implementation of a system of checks and balances: checks and balances guard against tyranny and abuse of power by preventing an individual or small group within the government from seizing too much power. We see this exemplified best in the relationship between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches where creating and passing laws is concerned. The legislative branch can propose bills or laws, the executive branch can veto them, the legislative branch can override the executive veto through a two-thirds vote, and the judicial branch can declare laws unconstitutional. In the process of passing legislation, then, no one individual or branch can grab an undue amount of power, and that’s one of the things that the system of checks and balances does best. It distributes power as evenly as it can among the different branches of the government. Pro: They Get the Government to Self-Regulate What’s key in thinking about checks and balances as an important way to prevent tyranny is that they make the government to check itself and limit its own influence. Though it isn’t fun to think about the possibility of our government becoming tyrannical, the system of checks and balances prevents any self-interested minority within the government from grabbing too much power and acting only in the interests of its group. On the flip side, smaller factions or groups in the minority within the government are always going to keep a close eye on the group that’s in the majority. They’ll be eager to make sure the majority group aren’t getting up to any funny business. If there are corrupt practices going on in the majority, the minority groups in the government will certainly call those out. Political parties are a classic example of how self-regulation can occur in the government. For instance, when the Republican party holds the majority in the House or the Senate, the Democrats in the House and the Senate are extra vigilant about keeping the Republican majority in check. Loyalty to political parties presents plenty of challenges to the system of checks and balances, but the inherent competition between the different political parties represented within the legislative branch can often serve to check the power of self-interested groups. Pro: They Provide Constitutional Support for Disagreements Between the Branches Checks and balances enable the three branches of government to disagree. In a system that separates power among different institutions comprised of many different people, multiple minds work to interpret the Constitution. And when multiple minds are doing that interpreting, disagreements about what is and is not constitutional can arise. That might seem antagonistic and counterproductive to getting things done in the government, but the ability for the different branches to disagree is in the interest of the liberty of the people. When the different branches of the government have the opportunity to work through disagreements about various decisions that affect the people, decisions are made more deliberatively. And the government has the power to make huge decisions, so the slower pace of decision-making enabled by the system of checks and balances can help ensure that these decisions are the best ones. Con: They Can Complicate Policymaking The flip side of constitutional support for disagreements among the different branches is that policymaking can be much more time consuming. One branch can propose a law, another can veto it, and another can say that that law violates the Constitution, and so on. Sometimes the three branches won’t agree and a stalemate will ensue . . . meaning no policy changes occur, or they’re put off for a long time. This can be a good thing in some cases, especially when there is a majority in the House and the Senate who only have the interests of one political party or ideology in mind in policymaking. But sometimes the people want change, and the main thing standing in the way of changes occurring is the different branches’ uses of the system of checks and balances. Con: The System Doesn’t Always Work as Originally Intended Interpreting the Constitution has proven tricky as the United States has grown and changed. For example, the writers of the Constitution couldn’t have predicted the United States’ massively expanding population, the technological revolution, or global conflicts like World War I and World War II.. All of these changes affect the way the Constitution is interpretedwhich includes how checks and balances are understood and implemented. This has led to internal conflicts within the three branches of government. There have been points in history where different branches have tried to expand their power beyond what was originally outlined in the Constitution, and sometimes, the branches have succeeded. For example, to defend the U.S. and its economy against fascist foreign powers, President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal restructured the federal government and greatly expanded executive powers. So why is this a â€Å"con,† exactly? Remember: the system of checks and balances exists to make sure that no one branch of government is stronger than the other. When one branch tries to expand its power, it runs the risk of throwing the â€Å"balance† part of the â€Å"checks and balances† process out of equilibrium. That opens up a chance for an overreach of power, which can potentially put citizens’ freedoms at risk. Former President Bill Clinton, who was the President of the United States from 1993–2001 What Are Checks and Balances Like in Action? To really hone your understanding of checks and balances, examples are essential! Checks and balances can play out in interesting ways in real-life situations, so we’re going to summarize and break down one example for you to reference here. The example we’re going to look at is the Line Item Veto Act of 1996, which led to a Supreme Court case involving President Bill Clinton in 1998. This example is kind of a doozy- the checks and balances enacted by all three branches in this situation played out over a decade . . . and the Line Item Veto Act still failed to win approval in Congress and become law. Let’s get into the details of the Act and the case and see what it can teach us about checks and balances. The Line Item Veto Act of 1996: Background The Line Item Veto Act of 1996 allowed the president- Bill Clinton, at that time- to veto parts of bills selectively, rather than vetoing bills in their entirety. The main purpose of this Act was to give the president more control over the details of the federal budgeta power that was constitutionally reserved for Congress. Congress successfully passed this legislation in 1996. How did that happen? Well, in the federal midterm elections of 1994, Republicans took over the House and the Senate from Democrats. This was seen as a pretty big upheaval. It’s even been called the â€Å"Republican Revolution!† The Republicans also succeeded in taking the majority in Congress by making a pretty hefty campaign promise to the American people in the form of the â€Å"Contract with America.† The Contract with America was basically a long list of actions the Republican candidates promised to take if they gained control of Congress. The Line Item Veto Act was a key piece of the Contract with America. The American people liked this Act because it promised to ensure congressional fiscal conservatism. In fact, they had that in common with then-President Clinton: the only provision in the Contract with America that he was willing to support was the Line Item Veto Act. Since Republicans controlled Congress, and since the president supported the Line Item Veto Act, it passed both the legislative and executive branches without being vetoed or rejected. And then things started to get a bit ugly. The Judicial Branch Acts In the time that the Line Item Veto Act was law, President Clinton did a lot of line item vetoing. In fact, he applied the line-item veto to the federal budget 82 times. Does that sound like a lot? It did to the people who were affected by the president’s line-item vetoes, and that’s where the checks and balances started coming into play. When the Act was passed in 1996, lots of Democrats broke with President Clinton to oppose it. A congressman even sued to prevent use of the line-item veto. At the time, the Supreme Court held that the congressman’s case lacked standing because he couldn’t give any specific examples of how the Line Item Veto Act was causing harm to people. But when President Clinton began using the line-item veto a little more liberally, more people filed suit. Since Clinton was making ample use of his new power, this time, the plaintiffs had specific examples of how the line-item veto was causing harm. The City of New York itself and several other healthcare organizations alleged fiscal injury from President Clinton’s cancellation of various provisions from Acts that were passed in 1997. The case- Clinton v. City of New York- went before the District Court, and the Court ruled in favor of the plaintiffs. This time, the Court held that the Line Item Veto Act was unconstitutional. The District Court then used its power to appeal to the Supreme Court. The case was headed to the highest federal court in the United States. In 1998, the Supreme Court ultimately ruled that the Line Item Veto Act violated the Presentment Clause of the Constitution, which outlines a specific practice for enacting a statute that the Act did not follow. The Supreme Court used their power of interpretation to rule that the Constitution expressly prohibited the actions that the Act enabled the President to take. The majority of the Supreme Court, in other words, believed that the Act violated principles of the separation of powers and threatened individual liberty by giving the President the power to reward or favor certain groups and punish others. Former President George W. Bush, who was President of the United States from 2001–2009 The Legislative Branch Acts In 2006, the Line Item Veto Act came up again. That year, President George W. Bush asked Congress to enact legislation that would return the line item veto power to the executive branch, and announced his intent to make this request in his State of the Union Address. In March 2006, President Bush sent a legislative proposal to Congress and urged its prompt passage. Anticipating dissent from some members of Congress and the Supreme Court, members of President Bush’s Cabinet argued that his version of the Act was different from the Line Item Veto of Act of 1996 because the new proposal would seek congressional approval of all line-item vetoes, instead of giving the executive unilateral authority for such vetoes. Many members of Congress didn’t buy this argument. Some still believed that the legislation would take away parts of Congress’s constitutional power and give it to the executive branch instead. After hearing arguments from constitutional law experts about the constitutionality of the bill, the House Budget Committee approved the proposed Act through a majority vote. The full House of Representatives voted and approved the same bill soon after, but it failed to win approval in the Senate. But because the Act didn’t win full approval by Congress, the Legislative Line Item Veto Act of 2006 didn’t become law. Summary of the 4 Checks and Balances Involved in This Example If you were paying attention, you may have picked out some of the checks and balances that were involved in the whole scenario surrounding the Line Item Veto Act. To help you out, here’s a list of the checks and balances that we found playing a role in this legislation: The legislative branch wrote and enacted a law: the Line-Item Veto Act of 1996. The judicial branch determined whether that law was unconstitutional in 1998. The executive branch influenced the legislative branch with its proposed agenda in the State of the Union address in 2006, when President Bush announced his plan to attempt to pass the Legislative Line Item Veto Act. The legislative branch rejected the Legislative Line Item Veto Act by a vote in 2006. The Line-Item Veto Act of 1996 is a great example of how we can understand the federal government’s powers as being both divided and shared. In some aspects of this case, branches used their powers to work together to keep another branch from doing something that was not constitutional and that potentially threatened the liberty of the people. By checking each other in this case, the different branches also defended their own constitutional powers by preventing the executive branch from claiming powers that the Constitution assigned to the legislative branch. This example shows how real-world cases of checks and balances in action have a lot of layers: there’s a lot to analyze and unpack, and sometimes who’s right and who’s wrong isn’t easily defined. That’s why it’s important to look at both the big picture situation and all of the details, which is key to making sense of checks and balances in action! What's Next? This is just an overview of how checks and balances work within the United States government. (We know...it’s a lot!) There’s a lot more to learn about how each individual branch checks the other. A good place to start is learning more about how the Executive branch checks the Judicial branch. The AP U.S. Government exam is about more than just how the federal government works, though. That’s why we’ve developed the best 5-step guide to help you prepare. Once you’ve worked your way through that, it’s time to drill deeper into the material you need to know to ace the exam. Here’s a list of the best AP U.S. Government notes on the internet, and here’s a step-by-step guide to acing the AP U.S. Government’s FRQs. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Ashley Robinson About the Author Ashley Sufflà © Robinson has a Ph.D. in 19th Century English Literature. 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Reflective Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reflective Journal - Assignment Example I got inspired by the elaboration on this charter that was a binding instrument, and its purpose was to encourage co-operation centred on solidarity and reciprocity for good use of the Niger River hydrographical area. An inter alia was established to assist states in technical matters (Elmualim, Valle and Kwawu, 2012) Correct waste disposal methods is a concept I gained interest and must be initiated to avoid disposal of solid waste in water bodies, which can affect the marine flora and fauna. Sewerages must be constructed to ensure waste is directed to the right path and avoid contamination of water bodies (Wu, McKay and Hemphill, 2010). The right to prevent intrusion to an economic exclusive zone. This is an area beyond and the area adjoining to a territorial sea governed by a state. I am interested in the fact that due to this exploration of the sea resources and its utilization, conservation and management of flora and fauna, organic and inorganic resources in and around the area is rightfully owned by the state. The evidence required is whether the vessel has entered beyond the 200 nautical miles from the baseline is rather confusing to me. (Elmualim, Valle and Kwawu, 2012) Â  Construction worker and the corporation will never mind the consequences so long as they earn their cash. I was inspired by the fact that the Forests are water catchment areas, and forests do help in purifying the atmosphere. As REDD+ Programme spokesperson, a feasibility study should be done to identify a most efficient area then preparation is done the finally full implementation. Ensuring that measures to correct biodiversity are put in place before forest clearance is an interesting idea. Â  Forests are very important; it is a home to animals, plants and is the water catchment area thus must be protected. (Elmualim, Valle and Kwawu, 2012) The forest is important, they act as catchment areas for fresh water, and they reduce emission of carbon